Bias in Research Studies

Published: 09/2025 Bias refers to the “deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviations.”  Just as a thorough differential diagnosis list promotes accurate, effective disease identification and management, understanding...

Checklists

Published: 10/2023 Checklists are cognitive aids used in medicine to ensure consistent performance of multi-step tasks.  They help practitioners complete each critical step in the proper order.  Often, their greatest value is found in tasks with high stress (emergency...

Closed-Loop Communication

Published: 02/2023 As defined in the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality TeamSTEPPS Fundamentals Course, closed-looped communication is: …the process of acknowledging the receipt of information and clarifying with the sender that the intended information has...

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

Published 5/2026 Unlike Root Cause Analysis, which is performed after an adverse outcome, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a proactive risk analysis tool. FMEA employs a stepwise approach to prioritize potential interventions to reduce the risk of failure...

Fishbone Diagram

Published: 05/2024 The Fishbone Diagram (also known as the Ishikawa diagram) is a cause-and-effect quality tool used for exploring potential causes of a particular outcome.  The diagram can be used to guide quality improvement projects. It is best used to engage a...

Forming a Quality and Safety Improvement Team

Published 08/2025 As change requires group buy-in and can affect the workflows of multiple stakeholders, patient safety and quality improvement (PSQI) cannot be done effectively without a team. This team, as a composite, should understand the care concerns, predict...